New Glioma Markers

Monoclonal Antibodies from Atlas Antibodies

Gliomas are one of the most aggressive and lethal solid tumors of the central nervous system. Despite the alarming numbers, the molecular pathogenetic mechanisms of gliomas are not yet fully elucidated.

Our partner Atlas Antibodies just launched a portfolio of PrecisA Monoclonals targeting glioma TME markers for better distinction between different forms of glioma by IHC analysis.

Gliomas are solid tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), that arise from the neoplastic transformation of glial cells, namely astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells. The identification of molecular biomarkers is essential and urgent for an accurate prognosis and development of critical therapeutic targets in gliomas. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) plays a vital role in distinguishing between different tumor types. In gliomas neuropathological diagnostics, antibodies directed towards proteins such as IDH (isocitrate dehydrogenase), ATRX (alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked), GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein), SYN (synaptophysin), EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), p53 (tumor suppressor protein 53), and the proliferation marker Ki-67 (MKI67) are the gold standard and routinely used.

Examples of IDH1, ATRX, and GFAP multiplexed IHC-IF staining in different glioma grades:

	Figure 1. ATRX and GFAP in astrocytoma. Multiplexed IHC-IF staining of astrocytoma showing ATRX (nuclear, red) and GFAP (cytoplasmic, green) immunoreactivity in tumor cells. The Anti-ATRX antibody (AMAb90784) and Anti-GFAP antibody (AMAb91033) were used. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI.
	Figure 2. ATRX and IDH1 in oligodendrocytoma. Multiplexed IHC-IF staining of anaplastic oligodendroglioma showing ATRX (nuclear, red) and IDH1 (cytoplasmic, green) immunoreactivity in tumor cells. The Anti-ATRX antibody (AMAb90784) and Anti-IDH1 antibody (AMAb90578) were used, nuclei were counterstained with DAPI.
	Figure 3. ATRX and GFAP in glioblastoma. Multiplexed IHC-IF staining of glioblastoma multiforme showing ATRX (nuclear, red) and GFAP (cytoplasmic, green) immunoreactivity in tumor cells. The Anti-ATRX antibody (AMAb90784) and Anti-GFAP antibody (AMAb91033) were used, nuclei were counterstained with DAPI.

The glioma tumor microenvironment

The dynamic communication between tumor cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in the sustained growth, proliferation, and invasion of gliomas, survival, evasion of cell death, metabolism, migration, and metastasis. Four mechanisms in the TME have emerged as paramount for our understanding of gliomas and crucial for the development of new treatment strategies: immunomodulation, angiogenesis, glioma cancer stem cells (GSC), and drug resistance. Targeting GSCs is an extremely important aspect of the clinical treatment of gliomas. A better comprehension of glioma GSCs provide functional insights into the dynamic of cellular communication during gliomagenesis, creating new opportunities for diagnostics and therapeutics.

New TME-targeting glioma markers

Figure 4. New TME markers. Multiplexed IHC-IF staining of human glioblastoma, astrocytoma, olygodendrocytoma and normal cortex samples using the Anti-EZH2 monoclonal (AMAb91752) (nuclear, in green), the Anti-PARP1 monoclonal (AMAb90959) (nuclear, in red) and the Anti-ALDH1A3 monoclonal (AMAb91754) (cytoplasmic, in blue) antibodies.

Newly released PrecisA Monoclonals targeting glioma TME markers:

Product Name	Target Protein	Biological Role in Gliomas	Validated Applications
Anti-ALDH1A3 (AMAb91754)	Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member A3	Marker for mesenchymal glioma phenotype	IHC, WB, ICC-IF
Anti-CHI3L1 (AMAb91777, AMAb91778)	Chitinase-3-like protein 1	Carbohydrate-binding protein; Marker for invasion, migration and angiogenesis in glioblastoma	IHC, WB
Anti-EZH2 (AMAb91749, AMAb91750, AMAb91752)	Enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit	Transcription factor; Marker for glioma stem cells	IHC, WB, ICC-IF
Anti-FOXM1 (AMAb91766)	Forkhead box M1	Transcriptional activator involved in cell proliferation; Marker for glioma progression	IHC, ICC-IF
Anti-GLI1 (AMAb91771, AMAb91772, AMAb91773)	GLI family zinc finger 1	Cancer cell migration	IHC, WB, ICC-IF
Anti-ID1 (AMAb91756, AMAb91757)	Inhibitor of dna binding 1, hlh protein	Transcriptional regulator; Critical for glioblastoma initiation and chemoresistance	IHC, ICC-IF
Anti-NF1 (AMAb91741, AMAb91745)	Neurofibromin 1	Immunomodulation	ICC-IF
Anti-PTEN (AMAb91735, AMAb91736)	Phosphatase and tensin homolog	Cell cycle progression and proliferation; Marker for mesenchymal phenotype	IHC, WB
Anti-POSTN (AMAb91763, AMAb91764)	Periostin	Extracellular matrix protein; Cancer stem cell maintenance and metastasis	IHC, ICC-IF
Anti-RBFOX3 (AMAb91746, AMAb91748)	RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 3	Transcription Factor; Marker for neural glyoma phenotype	IHC
Anti-SALL4 (AMAb91768, AMAb91769, AMAb91770)	Spalt like transcription factor 4	Transcription factor; Maintenance and renewal of stem cells	IHC, WB, ICC-IF